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          LV06-09-调试与优化-01-代码优化
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看使用工具及版本 </summary>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">PC端开发环境</td>        <td align="center" width=150px>Windows</td>        <td align="left">Windows11</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Ubuntu</td>        <td align="left">Ubuntu20.04.2的64位版本</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">VMware® Workstation 17 Pro</td>        <td align="left">17.6.0 build-24238078</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">终端软件</td>        <td align="left">MobaXterm(Professional Edition v23.0 Build 5042 (license))</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Win32DiskImager</td>        <td align="left">Win32DiskImager v1.0</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">Linux开发板环境</td>        <td align="center">Linux开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子 i.MX6ULL Linux 阿尔法开发板</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">uboot</td>        <td align="left">NXP官方提供的uboot，使用的uboot版本为U-Boot 2019.04</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">linux内核</td>        <td align="left">linux-4.19.71(NXP官方提供)</td>      </tr></table>
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看本文参考资料 </summary>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">官方网站</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.arm.com/" target="_blank">https://www.arm.com/</a></td>        <td align="left">ARM官方网站，在这里我们可以找到Cotex-Mx以及ARMVx的一些文档</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxp.com.cn/ </a></td>        <td align="left">NXP官方网站</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxpic.org.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxpic.org.cn/</a></td><td align="left">NXP 官方社区</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a></td><td align="left">u-boot官网</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.kernel.org/" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/</a></td><td align="left">linux内核官网</td>    </tr></table>
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看相关文件下载 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">NXP</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx" target="_blank">https://github.com/nxp-imx</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP imx开发资源GitHub组织，里边会有u-boot和linux内核的仓库</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71" target="_blank">nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP linux内核仓库tags中的v4.19.71</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0" target="_blank">nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP u-boot仓库tags中的rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="2">I.MX6ULL</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/data-sheet/IMX6ULLIEC.pdf" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications Processors for Industrial Products</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 芯片手册（datasheet，可以在线查看）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/webapp/Download?colCode=IMX6ULLRM&lang_cd=zh" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications ProcessorReference Manual</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 参考手册（下载后才能查看，需要登录NXP官网）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">Source Code</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">linux kernel源码</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/tree/?h=v4.19.71&id=e7d2672c66e4d3675570369bf20856296da312c4" target="_blank">kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree</a></td>        <td align="left">linux kernel源码(官网,tag 4.19.71)</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">uboot源码</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<h1 id="一、用户空间内存块检测"><a href="#一、用户空间内存块检测" class="headerlink" title="一、用户空间内存块检测"></a><font size=3>一、用户空间内存块检测</font></h1><p>但是其实这个不检查也问题不大，因为我们一般在用户空间肯定会做检查，检查完毕才会继续往下执行。</p>
<h2 id="1-access-ok-函数"><a href="#1-access-ok-函数" class="headerlink" title="1. access_ok()函数"></a><font size=3>1. access_ok()函数</font></h2><p>这个函数的作用是检查用户空间内存块是否可用，它<strong>可能</strong>的定义如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">access_ok(type, addr, size);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 或者</span></span><br><span class="line">access_ok(addr, size);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><p><strong>参数说明：</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p>type ：Type of access，VERIFY_READ or VERIFY_WRITE。请注意，VERIFY_WRITE是VERIFY_READ的超集——如果写入一个块是安全的，那么从它读取总是安全的。另外，这个参数并不是一定有，这个后面的版本问题会提到。</p>
</li>
<li><p>addr：要检查的块的开始的用户空间指针</p>
</li>
<li><p>size：要检查的块的大小</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>返回值：</strong>此函数检查用户空间中的内存块是否可用。如果可用，则返回真(非0值)，否则返回假 (0) 。</p>
<h2 id="2-头文件包含"><a href="#2-头文件包含" class="headerlink" title="2. 头文件包含"></a><font size=3>2. 头文件包含</font></h2><ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/arch/arm/include/asm/uaccess.h#L282">uaccess.h - arch&#x2F;arm&#x2F;include&#x2F;asm&#x2F;uaccess.h</a>：体系结构相关的头文件位于内核源码的 arch&#x2F;&lt; architecture &gt;&#x2F;include&#x2F;asm&#x2F; 目录。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> access_ok(type, addr, size)	(__range_ok(addr, size) == 0)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h#L38">uaccess.h - include&#x2F;asm-generic&#x2F;uaccess.h</a>：通用体系结构头文件位于 include&#x2F;asm-generic&#x2F;（不依赖特定 CPU）。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> access_ok(type, addr, size) __access_ok((unsigned long)(addr),(size))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>虽然实现有些区别，但是功能都是一样的，那么我们写代码的时候要怎么包含头文件？其实写代码的时候要包含的是这个：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/uaccess.h">uaccess.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;uaccess.h</a>，在这个头文件中，并没有实现这个宏，但是它包含了对应的头文件：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-09-%E8%B0%83%E8%AF%95%E4%B8%8E%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96-01-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96/img/image-20250213102453259.png" alt="image-20250213102453259"  />

<p>所以在驱动中使用的时候包含下边这个头文件即可：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/uaccess.h&gt;</span> <span class="comment">/* access_ok */</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="3-版本问题"><a href="#3-版本问题" class="headerlink" title="3. 版本问题"></a><font size=3>3. 版本问题</font></h2><h3 id="3-1-access-ok-在不同内核版本中的定义"><a href="#3-1-access-ok-在不同内核版本中的定义" class="headerlink" title="3.1 access_ok()在不同内核版本中的定义"></a><font size=3>3.1 access_ok()在不同内核版本中的定义</font></h3><p>其实这里有个坑，那就是函数的参数问题，在一些内核版本中是没有type参数的，例如：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0-rc1/source/arch/arm/include/asm/uaccess.h">uaccess.h - arch&#x2F;arm&#x2F;include&#x2F;asm&#x2F;uaccess.h - Linux source code v5.0-rc1</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> access_ok(addr, size)	(__range_ok(addr, size) == 0)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.20.17/source/arch/arm/include/asm/uaccess.h#L282">uaccess.h - arch&#x2F;arm&#x2F;include&#x2F;asm&#x2F;uaccess.h - Linux source code v4.20.17</a>中是这样的：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> access_ok(type, addr, size)	(__range_ok(addr, size) == 0)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>我看了一下，kernel官网的版本，到写这个笔记为止，v4.x版本中最新的是v4.20.17，还是三个参数，到了v5.x版本，最早的一个是v5.0-rc1，在5.0的版本中已经都是2个参数了。</p>
<h3 id="3-2-怎么兼容不同的内核源码？"><a href="#3-2-怎么兼容不同的内核源码？" class="headerlink" title="3.2 怎么兼容不同的内核源码？"></a><font size=3>3.2 怎么兼容不同的内核源码？</font></h3><p>那我们写的驱动最好是要兼容不同的内核源码，那这里怎么兼容？要是可以获取到内核源码的版本就好了，内核中已经为我们提供了相应的版本号，是定义在linux源码 include&#x2F;generated&#x2F;uapi&#x2F;linux&#x2F;version.h 文件中的。但是下载linux kernel 源码中是么有这个文件？？？它其实是在编译过程中生成，在 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/Makefile#L1137">Makefile</a> 中生成的规则如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight makefile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">define</span> filechk_version.h</span><br><span class="line">	(echo \<span class="comment">#define LINUX_VERSION_CODE $(shell                         \</span></span><br><span class="line">	expr <span class="variable">$(VERSION)</span> \* 65536 + 0<span class="variable">$(PATCHLEVEL)</span> \* 256 + 0<span class="variable">$(SUBLEVEL)</span>); \</span><br><span class="line">	echo &#x27;<span class="comment">#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) (((a) &lt;&lt; 16) + ((b) &lt;&lt; 8) + (c))&#x27;;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">endef</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>可以看到，这里其实为我们提供了两个宏定义：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> LINUX_VERSION_CODE 330384</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) (((a) <span class="string">&lt;&lt; 16) + ((b) &lt;&lt; 8) + ((c) &gt;</span> 255 ? 255 : (c)))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>LINUX_VERSION_CODE是根据Makefile中的版本号计算出来的当前linux内核源码的版本，KERNEL_VERSION是给我们用来计算某个版本的LINUX_VERSION_CODE的宏，比如我们可以在内核中这样使用：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/version.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">if</span> LINUX_VERSION_CODE &gt;= KERNEL_VERSION(5,15,0)</span></span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;Running on kernel 5.15 or newer\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">elif</span> LINUX_VERSION_CODE &gt;= KERNEL_VERSION(5,10,0)</span></span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;Running on kernel 5.10-5.14\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">else</span></span></span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;Legacy kernel (&lt;5.10)\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>使用的时候需要包含一个头文件：linux&#x2F;version.h，具体呢，我也没找到，没有深究了，知道可以这样用就行了：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/version.h&gt;</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="二、分支预测"><a href="#二、分支预测" class="headerlink" title="二、分支预测"></a><font size=3>二、分支预测</font></h1><h2 id="1-likely-unlikely"><a href="#1-likely-unlikely" class="headerlink" title="1. likely&#x2F;unlikely "></a><font size=3>1. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L45">likely</a>&#x2F;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L48">unlikely</a> </font></h2><p>现在的 CPU 都有 ICache 和流水线机制。 即运行当前指令时， ICache 会预读取后面的指令，从而提升效率。 但是如果条件分支的结果是跳转到了其他指令， 那预取下一条指令就浪费时间了。 这里用到的 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L45">likely</a> 和 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L48">unlikely</a> 宏， 会让编译器总是将大概率执行的代码放在靠前的位置， 从而提高驱动的效率。  </p>
<p>这两个宏定义在 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L40">compiler.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;compiler.h</a> 中：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta"># <span class="keyword">ifndef</span> likely</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#  <span class="keyword">define</span> likely(x)	(__branch_check__(x, 1, __builtin_constant_p(x)))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"># <span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"># <span class="keyword">ifndef</span> unlikely</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#  <span class="keyword">define</span> unlikely(x)	(__branch_check__(x, 0, __builtin_constant_p(x)))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"># <span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L23">__builtin_expect()</a>的作用是告知编译器预期表达式 exp 等于 c 的可能性更大， 编译器可以根据该因素更好的对代码进行优化， 所以  <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L45">likely</a> 与 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L48">unlikely</a> 的作用就是表达性 x 为真的可能性更大（ <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L45">likely</a>） 和更小（<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/compiler.h#L48">unlikely</a>） 。  </p>
<h2 id="2-使用示例"><a href="#2-使用示例" class="headerlink" title="2. 使用示例"></a><font size=3>2. 使用示例</font></h2><p>这里以添加传递地址检测内容后的代码为例， 对 copy_from_user 函数添加分支预测优化函数， 添加完成如下所示：  </p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">case</span> CMD_TEST3:</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> __<span class="title">CMD_TEST</span> <span class="title">cmd_test3</span> =</span> &#123;<span class="number">0</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 使用 access_ok (type, addr, size); 来检查用户空间内存块是否可用</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 在不同的内核版本中，函数也可能没有type参数：access_ok (addr, size);</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">if</span> (LINUX_VERSION_CODE &lt;= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 20, 17))</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, arg, <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="keyword">struct</span> __CMD_TEST)))</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">-1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">else</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (!access_ok(arg, <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="keyword">struct</span> __CMD_TEST)))</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">-1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// likely 和 unlikely 宏， 会让编译器总是将大概率执行的代码放在靠前的位置， 从而提高驱动的效率。</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// likely(x) 与 unlikely(x) 的作用就是表达式 x 为真的可能性更大（likely） 和更小（unlikely） 。</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 在传递地址正确的前提下copy_from_user 函数运行失败为小概率事件， 所以这里使用 unlikely 函数进行驱动效率的优化。</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (unlikely(copy_from_user(&amp;cmd_test3, (<span class="type">int</span> *)arg, <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(cmd_test3)) != <span class="number">0</span>))</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        PRT(<span class="string">&quot;copy_from_user error\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    PRT(<span class="string">&quot;cmd_test3 data: .a=%d .b=%d .c=%d\n&quot;</span>, cmd_test3.a, cmd_test3.b, cmd_test3.c);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>传递地址检测成功之后才会使用执行 copy_from_user 函数， 在传递地址正确的前提下copy_from_user 函数运行失败为小概率事件， 所以这里使用 unlikely 函数进行驱动效率的优化。  </p>
<h1 id="三、代码优化demo"><a href="#三、代码优化demo" class="headerlink" title="三、代码优化demo"></a><font size=3>三、代码优化demo</font></h1><p>demo可以看这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/imx6ull-driver-demo/tree/master/10_driver_debug/01_optimizedcode">10_driver_debug&#x2F;01_optimizedcode · 苏木&#x2F;imx6ull-driver-demo - 码云 - 开源中国</a></p>

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